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Project title: “Sharing Collectively the Competences of the Researchers to the Farmers for a Sustainable and Ecological Exploitation of The Agricultural and Environment Protection”
Project Beneficiary: Association for the Protection of Human Being and Environment for a Sustainable Development in the World-ECOM- Romania
Project Partners:
- Of Chamber of Agriculture -Turkey - IPA Financial lead Beneficiary;
- Trabzon Exchange Commodity – Turkey- IPA Partner
- The Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences –Moldova- ENPI Partner 1;
- Yerevan State University– Armenia- ENPI Partner 2
The Black Sea JOP aims at a stronger and more sustainable economic and social development of the Black Sea Basin regions. Through the Black Sea JOP, communities in the areas concerned will be encouraged to further develop their local economy, confront environmental challenges and promote greater interaction among people.
During the implementation period June – October 2013, there were organised 5 trainings from which:
- 2 trainings were held in Republic of Moldova, one in June and the other in October
- 1 training was held in Republic of Armenia in July
- 1 training was held in Romania in August
- 1 training was held in Turkey in October
At the organized events participated a total number of 153 farmers.
During 17-20 June 2013, in Sangerei, Republic of Moldova took place THE FIRST TRAINING SESSION IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA which was held by 2 Moldovian trainers and 1 trainer from Romania. At the event participated 30 farmes from Sangerei.
First day: 17 June 2013
09:30 - 10:00 – Registration of the participants
10:00 -10:30 – Completing the pre trening questionnaires
10:30 –10:40 – Prof. Dr.hab. Igor Povar – Intitute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
10:40 -11:00 - Acad. Serafim Andrieș - Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection”Nicolae Dimo”
11:00 -11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 -11:50 - Prof. Dr.hab. Teodor Lupașcu – Intitute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
11:50 -13:00 – Special guests
13:00 -13:30 – Questions and answers
After the registration of the participants, Mr. Igor Povar, project coordinator from Republic of Moldova of Agriculture welcomed all the guests and invited the present farmers to complete the pre training questionnaires. The pre training questionnaires contain questions regarding the knowledge of the farmers about ecological agriculture practiced in Republic of Moldova and the type of fertilizers usually used in their farms.
  
Mr. Vitalie Tabarcea - Vicepresident of the Sangerei district council; Ms. Maria Nastac – Project Coordinator, Association for the Protection of Human Being and Environment for a Sustainable Development in the World-ECOM; Mr. Igor Povar – Project coordinator for Moldova, Intitute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova; and Mr. Boris Gaina – academician, coordinator of the Agricultural Sciences Section of Academy of Sciences of Moldova spoke in the begining of the event.
During the first day of training, the farmers from Sangerei were informed about the use of fertilizers in agriculture and about the application of the best agricultural practices. In this aspect, Academinian Serafim Andries from Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection ”Nicolae Dimo” presented a report and M.c. Tudor Lupascu, Director of the Intitute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova spoke about the quality of the potable water and the health of the population.
In the end of the first day of training, the farmers watched a movie about the ecological agriculture in different countries.
The Second Day: 18 June 2013
09:30 - 10:00 – Registration of participants
10:30 - 13:30 – Application in field
During the second day of the training it was organised a visit at the experimental fields from Radoaia village, Sangerei district. The farmers were informed about the ecological agricultural practices realised in that agricultural farm in collaboration with the scientists from the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. During the application in the field, Dr. Hab. Vasile Botnari, director of the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection of ASM and dr. hab., main scientific researcher Valentin Celac, from the same Institute, spoke about cultivation of vegetables in ecological conditions.
  
The Romanian trainer, Prof. Dr. Radu Lacatusu held a presentation about the types of fertilizers used in Romania, specifing that after 2000 the quantities of used fertilizers increased very much, prevailing the nitrogen fertilizers. Over 90% of these amounts were used in private agriculture, consisting of major agricultural trading companies that have large areas of hundreds of thousands of hectares. During this period there were also used relevant quantities of manure (organic).
Mr. Prof. Dr. Lacatusu continued the presentation with an experiment made by an engineer from Agigea, Constanta in 2012 on 230 ha on which he cultivated wheat, barley and sunflower. There were monitored only wheat production changes occurring under the use of an organic fertilizer compared to the use of the classical fertilizers.
The fertilizer composed of 3 residual biomasses had the following proportions: 50% garden mould; 40% alga biomass; 10% residual sludge from wastewater treatment stations of Constanta. The three biomasses went through a composting process which resulted in an ecologic bio-fertilizer.
After the bio-fertilizer was spread on the experimental crop and the control land crop was fertilized with common chemical fertilizers, on both lots were cultivated wheat seeds of the same quality and origin.
Throughout the period of harvest increase it was observed that:
· wheat strains from the experimental crop land are more vigorous and higher;
· at the harvest, the wheat production obtained was 3600 kg/ha on the experimental crop land, while on the control crop land it was of 2500 kg/ha - a raise of production of approximately 1100 ha kg/ha on the experimental land (approximately a 40% increase in production).
According to specialists, another advantage of the organic fertilizer is that once incorporated into the ground, it maintains its fertilizing qualities for 2 or 3 years, a period when it is no longer necessary to use any type of fertilizers.
Mr. Prof Dr. Radu Lacatusu concluded that the organic fertilizer has beneficial effects for soils (thus avoiding the chemical pollutants that can help increase the poisoning of the sea), and for plants (which grows more vigorous and give a raise of production even in harsh climatic conditions).
The third day: 19 June 2013
09:30 -10:00 - Registration of the participants
10:00 -11:00 - Presentations
11:00 -11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 -12:30 - Special guests
12:30 -13:00 - Presentations
13:00-13:30 – Questions and answers
In the third day of training dr. Vladimir Filipciuc from Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection ”Nicolae Dimo” spoke about „Saraturated soils. Composition and quality of the irigation water from Sangerei” and Dr. Conf. Tamara Leah from the same Institute made a presentation about „ The pollution of soils and waters with nutrients from agriculture. Measures to combat nutrient pollution of the environment”.
 
The trainer from Romania, Prof. Dr. Radu Lacatusu held a presentation about the agricultural sistems from Romania highlighting that through the agricultural system is understood a certain way of farming to achieve production. The system is characterized by the usage mode of the land through methods applied on maintaining and enhancing soil fertility through the usage of labor and production relations. The system can have an intensive or extensive nature of farming.
Further he spoke about: low input extensive agriculture also called the subsistence agriculture; conventional agriculture; sustainable agriculture and precision agriculture.
The third day of traing ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The fourth day: 20 June 2013
09:30 -10:00 – Registration of the participants
10:00 -11:00 - Presentations
11:00 -11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 -12:30 – Special guests
12:30 -13:30 – Conclusions and completing the pre trening questionnaires
The fourth day of the training was dedicated to the farmer’s problems from Sangerei like the preparation of the composts from organic wastes, the selection of the wastes, the storage and the preparation of manure for the fertilization of the agricultural fields from farm, the pollution of waters, soils, vegetal products (vegetables) with nutrients from agriculture, measures for the protection of the environment, the use of agricultural practices friendly with the environment, the correct usage of fertilizers. To all these problems the farmers received detailed answers with examples from the ecological agriculture.
During the session the farmers were given practical advices regarding the promotion, testing and demonstration of the agricultural technologies for decreasing the erosion of the soil on versants; decreasing of pollution made by nutrients from the agricultural sources on eroded soils; desrease of nitrogen leaking from uncontrolled storage of manure, discharge of fertilizers in groundwater through the awareness of agricultural producers regarding the ecological methods for the soil fertilization.
 
At the end of the discussions the participants were asked to complete the post training questionnaires regarding the training session, trainers and the information received about the ecological agriculture and were handed the certificates for participation at the event.
During 4 – 7 July 2013 in the Conference Room of the hotel “Erebuni”, Republic of Armenia took place the FIRST TRAINING IN ARMENIA which was held by 2 Armenian trainers and 1 trainer from Romania. 30 farmers participated at the event.
First day: July 4, 2013
15:30 -16:00 - Registration of participants
16:00 -16:30 - Completing the questionnaire of pre-trainings
16:30 –16:45 – Opening speech: Mr. Gurgen Aleksanyan, Project Coordinator of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan State University
16:45 –17:00 – Opening remarks: Ms. Maria Nastac, General Coordinator of the Project, Association for the Protection of Human and Environmental Sustainability in the World - ECOM Constanta, Romania.
17:00 -17:15 - Welcome speech: Mr. Arshaluys Hayrapetyan, Deputy Director of the Agrarian Support Republican Centre, Department of Learning and Innovation Program
17:15 -18:00 - Coffee Break
18:00 -18:30 – Special guests - Romania (report)
18:30 -19:00 – Organic farming experiences in other countries (Video clips)
19:00 -19:30 - Questions and answers
After the registration of the participants, Mr. Gurgen Aleksanyan welcomed all the guests and invited the present farmers to complete the pre training questionnaires. The pre training questionnaires contained questions regarding the knowledge of the farmers about ecological agriculture practiced in Armenia and the type of fertilizers usually used in their farms.
Ms. Maria Nastac thanked Mr. Gurgen Aleksanyan for his amiability in welcoming the Romanian team in Yerevan and she said she is very impatient to discover the Armenian experience and to share our Romanian experience regarding the aspects of the agriculture fertilizing.
Also Mr. Arshaluys Hayrapetyan welcomed all the guests to the event.
 
After the coffee break, Mrs. Prof. Dr. Emerit Aurelia Meghea was invited to share with all the participants an example of good practice used in Romanian agriculture.
Hence, Prof. Dr. Emerit Meghea talked about the experiment that an engineer from Agigea, Constanta made in 2012 on 230 ha on which he cultivated wheat, barley and sunflower. There were monitored only wheat production changes occurring under the use of an organic fertilizer compared to the use of the classical fertilizers.
The fertilizer composed of 3 residual biomasses with the proportions of 50% garden mould, 40% alga biomass and 10% residual sludge from wastewater treatment stations of Constanta and it was spread on the 80-hectare experimental crop land in autumn tillage.
Throughout the period of harvest increase it was observed that:
· wheat strains from the experimental crop land are more vigorous and higher;
· at the harvest, the wheat production obtained was 3600 kg/ha on the experimental crop land, while on the control crop land it was of 2500 kg/ha - a raise of production of approximately 1100 ha kg/ha on the experimental land (approximately a 40% increase in production).
According to specialists, another advantage of the organic fertilizer is that once incorporated into the ground, it maintains its fertilizing qualities for 2 or 3 years, a period when it is no longer necessary to use any type of fertilizers.
In conclusion, the organic fertilizer has beneficial effects for soils (thus avoiding the chemical pollutants that can help increase the poisoning of the sea), and for plants (which grows more vigorous and give a raise of production even in harsh climatic conditions).
Prof. Dr. Emerit Aurelia Meghea ended her speech telling to the farmers that until the real cost price is calculated he cannot make any appreciations regarding the growth of fertilization costs related to the classical chemical fertilizers.
Further, the farmers were shown some videoclips about the organic farming experiences in other countries.
The first day of training ended with a short session of questions and answers.
Second day: July 5, 2013
11:30 -12:00 - Registration of participants
12:00 -15:30 – “The used fertilizers, until now, in Romania, Armenia, Moldova and Turkey, and their impact on the black sea basin (soil, underground waters and black sea). Aspects and examples of good practice of ecological agriculture – ROMANIA”. Speakers: Prof. Emerit Aurelia Meghea, Bucharest, Romania and PhD. Karen Ghazaryan, Yerevan State University.
Coffee Break. Questions and answers.
 
During the second day of trainig, Prof. Dr. Emerit Aurelia Meghea held a presentation about “Types of fertilizers and agriculture sistems in Romania”. She began with a short history regarding the use of fertilizers in Romanian agriculture highlightning that, given the ancestral knowledge regarding the soil fertility and how to maintain it, we must admit that the population of ancient Dacia, later of the existing provinces in the middle Ages to the present territory of Romania, knew these methods of improvement of the land fertility they had been working on. They have introduced in our agriculture new methods of tillage, among which stands out the operation for fertilizing the fields.
Worthy of highlight is the aspect regarding the increasing amount of fertilizer used in agriculture Romania since 1933. At the same time the increasing number of the specialists in agriculture and the good experimental results obtained by applying fertilizers were the determining factors of the increase of agricultural production.
Among her presentation Prof. Dr. Aurelia Meghea highlighted the fact that after 2000, the quantities of fertilizers used in agriculture in which also prevail the nitrogen fertilizers are very high. But it should be noted that over 90% of these amounts were used in private agriculture, consisting of major agricultural trading companies that have large areas of hundreds of thousands of hectares. During this period there were also used relevant quantities of manure (organic).
The specialist also accentuated that we must not forget that besides synthetic mineral fertilizers were also used, broadly, organic fertilizers derived from manure produced by livestock production of breeding farms.
After this topic Mrs. Prof. continued her presentation with the agricultural systems and usage of fertilizers. Through agricultural system is understood a certain way of farming to achieve production. The system is characterized by the usage mode of the land through methods applied on maintaining and enhancing soil fertility through the usage of labor and production relations. The system can have an intensive or extensive nature of farming.
Thus, she spoke about low input extensive agriculture also called subsistence agriculture, about conventional agriculture, sustainable agriculture and precision agriculture.
Prof. Dr. Aurelia Meghea ended her presentation with a short session of questions and answers.
Third day: July 6, 2013
11:30 -12:00 - Registration of participants
12:00 -15:30 – “The used fertilizers, until now, in Romania, Armenia, Moldova and Turkey, and their impact on the black sea basin (soil, underground waters and black sea).aspects and examples of good practice of ecological agriculture –MOLDOVA”. Speaker: PhD. Karen Ghazaryan, Yerevan State University.
Coffee Break. Questions and answers. Discussion and advices.
In the third day of training, PhD Karen Ghazaryan held a presentation about the fertilizers used in Republic of Moldova beginning with some information about geographical position, pedo-climatic conditions and the soil structure.
He continued the presentation with a short summary about the use of fertilizers and nutrient balance from the soil during the perioad 1950-2010, highlightning that:
- During 1955-1970 the fertilizers were effective for all the cultures and for all the soils and the balance of nutrients was rapidly improved;
- In the period 1981-1988, for the first time in the history of Moldova's agriculture, the nutrient balance became positive; the productivity of crop plants increased significantly and the accumulation of nutrients in the soil was relatively small in comparison with their export throughout the entire history of agriculture;
- After 1998, the volume of fertilizers increased substantially and the productivity of crop plants dropped to the level of the 60 years of the last century;
- In the recent years (2006-2012) the volume of mineral fertilizers has increased in comparison with the 1996-2006. Currently the fertilizers with nitrogen are preponderently appliedand the soil nutrient balance is negative, the chemical degradation of the soil takes place and as a result the harvests are small and of low quality.
 
Forward Mr. Ghazaryan spoke about the influence of fertilizers on the agrochemical properties of soils and ended the presentantion with a case study about the managment of nutrients in Hancesti District. He presented to the farmers the quality of the soil from that district specifying that the „Nicolae Dimo” Institute has developed technologies, technological processes, rules, regulations, recommendations on the conservation and improvement of soil fertility that has determined the measures to combat erosion, improvement of degraded soils, and increase fertility through application of fertilizer, the irrigated areas, maintenance of soil and crop rotation. He also spoke about the management of nutrients (fertilizers) and finished with the agrochemical study that was made in Hancesti district.
The training day ended with a short session of questions and answers.
Fourth day: July 7, 2013
11:30 -12:00 - Registration of participants
12:00 -13:00 –“The used fertilizers, until now, in Romania, Armenia, Moldova and Turkey, and their impact on the black sea basin (soil, underground waters and black sea). Aspects and examples of good practice of ecological agriculture – ARMENIA and TURKEY”. Speaker: PhD. Karen Ghazaryan and PhD Harutyun Movsisyan, Yerevan State University.
13:00 -13:30 - Coffee Break
13:30 -14:30 - Questions and Answers.
14:30 -15:00 – Completing the post- trainings questionnaire.
15:00 -15:30 – Conclusions.
The last day of training in Armenia begun with the presentation of PhD Harutyun Movsisyan who spoke about “The used fertilizers in Armenia until now and their impact on the Black Sea Basin”.
Thus, he presented some general aspects regarding Armenia: geographical position, the landscape and soil types and the main crops that are cultivated on this country’s soils.
Next, PhD Harutyun Movsisyan explained to the farmers that the fertilizers are divided into mineral and organic and that there are advantages and disadvantages in each group. He presented the organic fertilizers, the mineral and the chemical ones highlighteninig their positive and negative effects on soil and how they can pollute not only the soils but also the groundwaters.
During the last part of the presentation, PhD Harutyun Movsisyan spoke about zeoliten, an organic fertilizer that was made and named “Zeohum-1”.
“Zeohum-1” represents the mixture of natural zeolite-clinoptilolite with humic and fulvic acids, that is obtained from Armenian different natural organic minerals (biohumus, peat, bituminous shale, lignite, etc.) by specific technology. It is a loose, granulated mass, easily introduced into the soil. This fertilizer contains all macro and micro components and is easily assimilated by plants. This fertilizer has a prolonged influence and it slowly transmits the contained components and humidity, arisen from watering, to the plant. This fertilizer has not unpleasant odor. Addition of “Zeohum-1” into the acidic, neutral, with less humus, and, particularly, high sandy soils leads to the increase of the crop of vegetables (cucumber, tomato, cabbage, carrot, aubergine, potato, onion, water-melon, melon and etc.) simultaneously improving the soil physical-chemical quality.
It is proved that “Zeohum-1” can be successfully used in out-of-door, as well as in-door conditions. It is also applied in flower culture. Depending on fertilizer quantity introduced into the soil (3-5 ton/hectare) the 20-50% rise of crop of any gourds and vegetables is ensured, and the effect of the fertilizer remains 2-3 years without addition of any chemical admixtures.
Among other advantages of “Zeohum-1” is prevention of accumulation of nitrates (nitrogen and etc.) and heavy metals; moreover this fertilizer increases the content of sugar, ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), carotene, and other useful compounds in the plant and soil. “Zeohum-1” promotes the growth rate of the plants, strengthens the enhancement of “power” of their root system, not only in the beginning stage but also during the all vegetation period. Thus, the usage of “Zeohum-1” results in sharp growth of the crop and increases the quality of the obtained goods (it becomes ecologically pure).
Mr. Harutyun Movsisyan ended his presentation thaking all the farmers for their presence and gave the word to Mr. PhD. Karen Ghazaryan who spoke about the fertilizers used in Turkey.
Thus, he started the presentation of the principal source of pollution on the Black Sea Basin, specifying that the agriculture is the main source of pollution, problem that is often met at the level of Black Sea Basin.
PhD. Karen Ghazaryan spoke about the main agricultural pollutants such as pesticides, pesticide leaching, fertilizers, nitrate contamination and organic contaminants (manure and biosolids), highlightning the damage they can cause to the environment and also the human being.
In the end of the presentation, Mr. PhD. Karen Ghazaryan presented the habit of the farmers from Trabzon regarding the use of fetilizers highlightning that the fertilizer consumption rate is low on Black Sea Region to Turkey, also the use of fertilizer as ammonium sulfate for many years caused the acidification of the soil of region in the East Black Sea Region where is cultivated tea.
The farmers make the fertilization with conventional techniques. The fertilization is realized with the descriptions of firms which sell the fertilizer and accustomed fertilization habits. In region, which the use of powder fertilizer is common, the fertilization is realized as spread with hand.
PhD. Karen Ghazaryan ended his presentation thanking everybody for participating and he invited all the farmers to attend at a short session of questions and answers.
 
At the end of the discussions the participants were asked to complete the post training questionnaires regarding the training session, trainers and the information received about the ecological agriculture and were handed the certificates for participation at the event.
During 19 – 22 August 2013 took place THE SECOND TRAINING IN ROMANIA which was held at Cumpăna Town hall, Constanţa County, Romania with two Romanian trainers and one trainer from Republic of Moldova. 30 farmers participated at the event.
The First Day: 19th August 2013
10:00 - 10:30 – Registering of the participants
10:30 - 11:00 – Completing the ante-training questionnaires
11:00 – 12:00 – Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu Tudor – Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Moldova – „Types of fertilizers used in Moldova”
12:00 - 12:30 – Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu- ICPA Bucharest, Romania - „Types of fertilizers used in the agriculture of Romania”
12:30 - 13:00 – Coffee break
13:00 - 13:30 - Ing. Căpăţână Romeo- SA Agromixt, Agigea, Romania – „Case study on the usage of an organic fertilizer- Sunflower experiment”
13:30 - 14:00 – Questions and answers
After the registration of the participants, Ms. Maria Nastac- Project Coordinator and President ECOM welcomed all the guests and invited the present farmers to complete the pre training questionnaires. These contained questions regarding the knowledge of the farmers about ecological agriculture practiced in Romania and the type of fertilizers usually used in their farms.
  
The training started with a presentation held by Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu Tudor from the Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Moldova about the „Types of fertilizers used in Moldova”.
Mr. Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu begun saying that the crop plants extract annually considerable amounts of nutrients from soil for high yield formation and simultaneously, under the action of microflora, organic matter is mineralized in soil. As a result takes place the humic degradation of soil and nutrient depletion, disruption of mineral balance, small low-quality harvests. An effective measure to form a good balance of organic matter and nutrients in the soil is the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. He also specified that in the Republic of Moldova the use of fertilizers at optimum doses leads to an increase in yield of 30-45%.
Therefore, Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu continued his speech talking about the effects and the optimal dosage of the mineral fertilizers such as fertilizers containing nitrogen (fertilizers with nitric nitrogen, ammonium fertilizers, fertilizers with nitric and ammoniacal nitrogen, fertilizer with amide nitrogen), fertilizers containing phosphorus, fertilizers containing potassium and complex fertilizers with more elements of nutrition (Monoammonium phosphate, Nitrophosphate, Ammophoska, Complex fertilizers, liquid (foliar).
He ended his presentation thanking all for coming and giving the word to Mr. Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu who told the farmers about the Romanian agriculture and that mineral fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus and sometimes with potassium are widely used at large scales, in particular on field crops.
Following-up Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu presented the characteristics and the optimal dosage of the simple mineral fertilizers such as ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfate, single superphosphate, concentrated superphosphate and potassium salts industrial produced. He also spoke about the complex mineral fertilizer, the mixt mineral fertilizers and also about organic and foliar fertilizers.
Prof. Dr. Emerit Lăcătuşu finished the presentation at 12.30 and invited all the participants to take a coffee break.
After the coffee break Mr. Eng Romeo Capatina started to present the experiment he made in Agigea, Constanta County in 2013 on an experimental land crop, dedicated to sunflower culture of 50 ha, as well as the control land crop. There were monitored sunflower production changes occurring under the use of an organic fertilizer compared to the use of the classical fertilizers.
The ecological fertilizer is made as compost from three organic wastes: marine algae, sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants and manure
The bio-fertilizer was spread on the 50-hectare experimental crop land in autumn tillage. For the application of the fertilizer on the ground it was used a specific equipment for spreading the manure. Later, the tillage was carried out at a depth of 25 cm and after the disking process; the bio-fertilizer was mixed with ground. The amount of the bio-fertilizer used was 7 tones/ ha.
Separately, on the control crop land, there were used 400 kg/ha of common chemical fertilizers in the following formula: 150 kg of superphosphate and 250 kg/ha of urea.
Along the growth period of the harvest it has observed that:
- The diameter of the sunflower stools from the experimental land crop had dimension included between 50-80 mm compared to the control land crop of 30-40 mm
- The diameter of the sunflower cap from the experimental has 40 cm compared with the one from the control land crop that has 25 cm.
- It is estimated a sunflower production of 2700 kg/ha on the experimental land crop compared to 1,800 kg/ha on the control land crop so a spore o production of about 900 kg/ha on the experimental lot (an increase of the production in yield of approximately 35%).
It also appreciates that the hectolitrical mass of sunflower seeds from the experimental land crop is bigger with 35%.
Eng. Romeo capatina concluded that this ecological fertilizer contributes to resolving some serious problems as:
- Excessive chemises of the agricultural soil;
- The storage of the wastes as sewage sludge and algae biomass;
- The presence of huge quantities of algae, of tens of thousands of tons, which through aspect and pestilent smell affects every year the Black Sea beaches with serious consequences for tourism and regional economy;
- It has beneficial effects on plant (that grows more vigorous and which gives a raise to the production even in harsh weather conditions).
The first day of training ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The Second Day: 20th August 2013
10:00 - 10:30- Registering of the participants
10:30 - 11:30 - Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu - ICPA Bucharest, Romania – „The consequences of applying fertilizers in the soil”
11:30 - 12:00 – Coffee break
12:00 - 13:00 - Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar - Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Moldova – „Effects of fertilizers on soil”
13:00 – 13:30 - Ing. Căpăţână Romeo - SA Agromixt, Agigea, Romania – Example of good practices in organic agriculture
13:30- 14:00- Questions and answers
During the second day of training, after the registration of the participants, Mr. Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu has begun his presentation about „The consequences of applying fertilizers in the soil” telling the farmers about the transformations of the fertilizers from soil.
Thus, he spoke about the transformation of fertilizers with nitrogen saying that once arrived in the soil, these fertilizers are subject to physico-chemical processes of solubilization, adsorption, fixation, immobilization, nitrification, denitrification, leaching, processes that induce differentiated effects on the nutrition environment of the plant. Prof. Dr. Emerit also presented the modification of chemical fertilizers with phosphorus and potasium in soil, highlightning the reactions the happen and their importance for the soil.
Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu finished his presentation and invited all the participants to take a coffee break.
Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar continued the training session with a presentation about the “Effects of fertilizers on soil”. He begun by saying that the most frequent pollutant factors for the environment come from industry and recently also from agriculture, so it can be said that intensive agriculture can cause the soil and water pollution through an excesive and unappropiate use of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water on the crop lands.
Prof. Dr. Hab Povar raised the problem regarding the link between fertilizers and the pollution with nutrients highlightning that nutrients are chemical elements needed by plants and animals to increase and survive but their excessive presence in water, soils and subsurface cause pollution. Also the application of fertilizers on the agricultural fields is made to complete the nutrient reserves from soil and ensuring the necessary supplement of crops, but the incorrect or excessive application can lead to environment pollution.
Mr. Prof. Dr. Hab finished his presentation with the following conclusions:
- The land and water without pollutants mean better crops and healthier animals, clean drinking water and a reduced risk of illness for all the family, especially for children;
- The correct agricultural practices maintain the quality and the potencial of the soil on a long term, thus creating conditions for obtaining incomes from plant cultivations and animal husbandry.
Mr. Eng. Căpăţână Romeo was invited to take the word and discussed with the participant farmers about a bio-fertilizer made in Republic of Armenia called “Azotseovit-1”. It is a universal complex biological fertilizer that enriches the soil with biologically active nitrogen and contributing to higher yields of up to 60%.
The biofertilizer has been applied to pepper-local variety “Vardasheni-tekhakan”, eggplant “Karine”, and tomato “R-1” and “68/1” varieties.
The experimental plot was flat plowed, leveled and divided. Before transplanting seedlings, beds of 15 cm depth and with the distance of 70 cm have been prepared/ beds of 15 cm depth and with the distance of 90 cm for tomato/. The planting was conducted on May 15-20. During the vegetation period the field was irrigated 15 times. The bio fertilizer "Azotseovit 1" was applied 3 times.
The yield indicators of the fields, controlled show that the variety of eggplant “Karine” and pepper variety “Vardasheni texakan” have high productivity, which is 450.5 and 270.5 C / ha in case of the controlled treatment; 780.2, and 425.3 in the traditional treatment and yield of 1100.4 and 780.5 c/ha in case of treatment with “Azotseovit 1".
Mr. Eng. Romeo Capatina concluded that the fruits of the varieties are more transportable and resistant against diseases and pests. The total quantity of nitrogen was also analyzed in vegetative organs of pepper and eggplant (stem, leaf). In average, the nitrogen in pepper makes 1,296% and 0,859% in eggplant. The technology can be applied to all areas, where vegetable growing is possible.
The second day of the training ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The Third Day: 21st August 2013
10:00 - 10:30- Registering of the participants
10:30 - 11:30 – Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar - Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Moldova – „Ecological aspects of some replacement forms of mineral fertilizers”
11:00 - 11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 - 12:30 – Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu - ICPA Bucharest, Romania - „Increases of crop brought by fertilizers”
12:30 – 13:30 - Ing. Căpăţână Romeo - SA Agromixt, Agigea, Romania – Example of good practices in organic agriculture
13:30 - 14:00 – Questions and answers
The third day of the training was opened by Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar who spoke to the farmers about some ecological aspects of some replacement forms of mineral fertilizers, highlightining that the organic fertilizers are not so pollutant as the mineral ones and that can be obtained easily from various natural products of organic origin by a simple processing or composting.
Following-up he told the participants about the importance and the positive effects of the livestock manure such as the content of full range of nutrients required by crop plants; is a universal fertilizer for all crops and soil types; organic matter mineralization processes are slow, resulting in nutrients, including nitrates are released gradually; introduced into the soil, contributes to the improvement of the soil humic and agrophysical characteristics, including structural improvement and anhancement of available water reserves and stimulates the activity of macro- and microorganisms, increases soil biota.
Prof. Dr. Hab also presented the chracteristics and highlighted the importance of other organic fertilizers like urine, farmyard slurry and poultry manure.
In the end of the speech he spoke about the sludge from treatment plants of urban waste water that is the source of nutrients for plants, primarily a source of phosphorus, but have increased heavy metals.
After his presentation ended the participants were invited to take a coffee break and then, Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu spoke about „Increases of crop brought by fertilizers” highlightning that:
- at corn crop is observed a semnificative increase of production with the increase of quantities of N and P and after this the level of crop is limited, unbringing any significant increases of crop.
- In the case of crops of corn obtained through mineral fertilization of some naturally fertile soils from plain areas is noticed a proportional increase of production with the administered fertilizer dosage
- at sunflower is observed a limit of the harvest at the level of the dose of N 150 P 100, the increase being of aprox. 1000 Kg/ha seed
He ended his presentation with a short discussion with farmers about the fertilizers they use in their farms and the quantities they apply in the soil.
 
Following-up, Mr. Eng. Căpăţână Romeo spoke about a case study made in Turkey in the province of Rize about the use of PGPR (Plant Growth Promotion Rhizobacteria) instead of chemical nitrogen fertilizers in order to decrease excess chemical nitrogen use.
The aim of the experiment was to apply PGPR on tea plants to decrease chemical nitrogen and phosphorus use, to maintain tea yield and crop quality for both conventional and organic tea farmers. The focus was enhanced plant growth with inoculation of PGPR, decrease the need of chemical fertilizers, sustainable maintenance of yields and quality of tea leaves at an acceptable level for the relevant markets. Therefore PGPR treatments contributed to protect the local and global environment, and reducing dependence on non-renewable resources, and permitted tea growers to supply tea leave with quality and price acceptable to consumers. PGPR inoculation can also reveal good results helping consolidate the competitiveness of the organic tea sector by boosting yield and quality. The experiment has also contributed to the long-term sustainability of agriculture, in accordance with consumer expectations and also implementing the ‘Organic Farming’.
Among the selected 644 bacterial strains, 394 strains exhibited N2-fixing activity and 305 were efficient in phosphate solubilization; 265 strains were efficient in N2-fixation and P-solubilization. In this study, several acid tolerant strains displaying important PGPR characteristics were isolated, and 98 strains proved to be very efficient in promoting the growth of tea plants. PGPR strains tested have great potential for the sustainable and environmentally friendly organic tea production.
The training day ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The Fourth Day: 22nd August 2013
10:00 - 10:30- Registering of the participants
10:30 - 11:30 - Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar - Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Moldova – „ Case study on rational use of fertilizers in the Republic of Moldova - Practices of rational use of livestock manure”
11:30 - 12:00 – Coffee break
12:00 - 13:00 - Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu- ICPA Bucharest, Romania – „ Ecological aspects of some replacement methods of mineral fertilizers and Case study regarding the good agricultural practices for a farm with the main crop profile of field crops”
13:00 -14:00 – Discussions, conclusions and completing the post-training questionnaires
The last day of training started with the presentation of Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar who spoke about the case study that was made in Republic of Moldova regarding the practices of rational use of livestock manure and during this experiment were built communal and individual platforms for accumulation and production (composting) of manure.
In the years 2005-2008 the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry "Nicolae Dimo" conducted research to determine the quality of livestock manure accumulated on communal platforms Negrea, Lăpuşna and Cărpineni, district of Hincesti. The quality of manure produced in individual platforms in Anini village of the same district was also monitored.
The obtained experimental data show that manure obtained on communal and individual platforms is of good quality. According to the Regulations elaborated for Moldova each tone of manure applied to soil assures the formation of 100 kg of humus and is recovered with a crop increase of 100 kg of grain units. Organic fertilizers are applied primarily into protected soil, to grow vegetables, potatoes, during the foundation of perennial plantations. In field cropping manure is used for as crops with a long growing season, primarily in sugar beet in the North and for the corn for beans in the South of Moldova. Livestock manure is effective on all soils and to all crop plants.
After Mr. Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar ended his presentation he invited all the participants to take a coffee break and then invited Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu to take the word.
Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu began his speech about „Ecological aspects of some replacement methods of mineral fertilizers and Case study regarding the good agricultural practices for a farm with the main crop profile of field crops” highlightning that the total or partial replacemenet of the chemical fertilizers with other sources of nutrients for plants is made within the practice of ecological agriculture with its versions: biological agriculture, biodynamic or organic. The main substitute of mineral fertilizers is the semifermented manure which contains almost the whole range of nutrients necessary for the plants. In addition, manure contributes to the improvement of the physical properties of the soil such as structure, porosity, permeability for air and water, elasticity and also reinvigorates the micro-biological activity thourgh micro-organisms brought to the soil. The main effect consists in increasing the hummus content and after its mineralization nutrients that are easily absorbed by plants, are set free in the soil solution.
Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu also presented a case study regarding the good agricultural practices for an agricultural farm with the main crop profile of field crops and mentioned that to practice an agriculture that respects the good agricultural practices code and that prevents the phenomenon of pollution of soils, waters, plants and implicit of crops, it is necessary that the applied technologies to represent a combination of technologies practiced in conventional agriculture and in ecological agriculture, so that the technologies to respond to the requirements of applying sustainability in agriculture, on other words, practising an integrated agriculture.
The fertilizer doses will be calculated in relation to the reserve level of the soil and with the harvest desired to obtain, under the conditions of an optimal economic. Overdosage will be avoided, especially for nitrogen, where the maximum dose allowed, from organic and mineral fertilizers shall not exceed 170 KgN/ha.
It will be used on a large scale the biological means for plant protection, limiting as possible, the chemical substances for weed control and plant protection.
All the soil proceedings, including those of foliar fertilizing, protection, harvesting and transport will be made in the optimal perioad of workability and trafficability, depending on the content of the water from soil and the nature of the mechanical work.
Grasslands and meadows will be exploated rationally, through a controlled grazing. The number of animals has to be correlated with the agricultural surface of the farm. Feedstuff has to be made in accordance with the productivity of the race. Livestock residues will be managed (collected, transported, stored, composted and administered on the soil) with a special attention to reduce to minimum the pollution of the enviromental factors.
Prof. Dr. Emerit Radu Lăcătuşu finished the presentation concluding that by respecting these technological conditions some safe and stable crops can be obtained.
  
At the end of the training the farmers were invited to complete the post training questionnaires and were given the certificates of participation to the event.
During 05 - 08 October 2013 at Of Chamber of Agriculture, Turkey, took place THE SECOND TRAINING in Turkey with the participation of two trainers from Turkey and one trainer from Republic of Moldova.
The First Day: 5th October 2013
09.30-10.00 - Check in
10.00-10.15 - Presentation about Trabzon Commodity Exchange (TTB CD)
- Opening Speech (Chairman/Member of the Board)
10.15-10.30 - Preliminary consideration about the project, Prof. Dr. Sezai ERCİŞLİ
10.30-11.30 - Types of fertilizers used in Moldova. The influence of chemical and organic fertilizers over the quality of the natural waters, Prof. Dr. Tudor LUPASCU, Republic of MOLDOVA
11.30-11.45 - Coffee break
11.45-12.45 - Fertilization and Environmental Pollution, Assistant Professor Coşkun ERÜZ, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Marine Science
12.45-13.00 - Questions and Answers
13.00-14.00 - Lunch
14.00-17.00 - Fieldwork: Examination in gardens of farmers who join to training Trabzon
After the registration of the participants, Mr. Mehmet Yuksel – President Of Chamber of Agriculture welcomed all the guests and invited the present farmers to complete the pre training questionnaires.
 
Prof. Dr. Sezai ERCİŞLİ realized the preliminary consideration about the project, highlightining the objectives and the purpose of the ECO-AGRI project.
The training started with a presentation held by Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu Tudor from the Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences of Moldova about the „Types of fertilizers used in Moldova”.
Mr. Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu begun saying that the crop plants extract annually considerable amounts of nutrients from soil for high yield formation and simultaneously, under the action of microflora, organic matter is mineralized in soil. As a result takes place the humic degradation of soil and nutrient depletion, disruption of mineral balance, small low-quality harvests. An effective measure to form a good balance of organic matter and nutrients in the soil is the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. He also specified that in the Republic of Moldova the use of fertilizers at optimum doses leads to an increase in yield of 30-45%. According to the regulations, applying fertilizers in field cropping provides an increase in the harvest of 1.1 t of winter wheat, 1.4 t maize grain, 13.8 t sugar beet, 0.5 t / ha of sunflower seeds.
Therefore, Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu continued his speech talking about the effects and the optimal dosage of the mineral fertilizers such as fertilizers containing nitrogen (fertilizers with nitric nitrogen, ammonium fertilizers, fertilizers with nitric and ammoniacal nitrogen, fertilizer with amide nitrogen), fertilizers containing phosphorus, fertilizers containing potassium and complex fertilizers with more elements of nutrition (Monoammonium phosphate, Nitrophosphate, Ammophoska, Complex fertilizers, liquid (foliar).
After Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu’s presentation, the farmers were invited to take a coffee break and at 11.30 Assistant Professor Coşkun ERÜZ took the word and spoke about fertilization and environmental pollution.
Assistant Professor ERÜZ indicated that the substances that are introduced by farms, into the environment, create hazards to human health, to harm living resources and marine ecosystems’. Particularly excessive use of nutrients in agriculture determine them to reach into the environment as a result of humans agricultural activities That means agricultural pollution refers to biotic and abiotic byproducts of farming practices that result in contamination or degradation of the environment and surrounding ecosystems, and/or cause injury to humans and their economic interests. The pollution may come from a variety of agricultural sources, ranging from point source pollution (from a single discharge point) to more diffuse, landscape-level causes, also known as non-point source pollution. Management practices play a crucial role in the amount and impact of these pollutants.
In the afternoon, the trainers, participants, the project team and farmers travelled to the garden of farmers who joined training programme by bus. During this field visit it was discussed how the fertilization can be realised, about the good farming practices in the hazelnut garden and it was also discussed about the points that are important for fertilization and growing of the hazelnuts.
The first day of training ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The Second Day: 6th October 2013
09.30-10.00 - Check in
10.00-11.15 - Organic and Traditional Fertilization Methods and the Effects to Human Health, Assistant Professor Hilal YILDIZ, Gümüşhane University Department of Food Engineering
11.15-11.30 - Coffee break
11.30-12.15 - Fertilization and Performance, M.S.C. Ali ÇANKAYA , Ministery of Food, Agriculture and Livestock General Directorate of Agricultural, Research and Policy
12.15-12.30 - Question-Answer
12.30-13.30 - Lunch
13.30-17.00 - Fieldwork: Examination in the area of organic hazelnut production’s project/Trabzon
 
During the second day of training there were held presentations about the organic fertilization methods compared to the traditional one and the effects that occur by using excesive quantities of fertilizers.
Assistant Professor Hilal YILDIZ from Gümüşhane University Department of Food Engineering talked about organic and traditional fertilization methods. Also she gave information about the effects thay have for the human health. The farmers were very interested about the relationship of human health and fertilization.
M.S.C. Ali ÇANKAYA (Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy) spoke about fertilization and performance in growing.
In the afternoon the trainers, participants, project team and farmers travelled to the organic hazelnut production’s area that is in Trabzon Galyan Vadisi. So this area is very important example for growing hazelnuts or fruit and vegetables without using chemical fertilizations.
The training day ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The Third Day: 7th October 2013
09.30-10.00 - Check in
10.00-12.00 -Travel of Trabzon-Giresun Fieldwork: Hazelnut Research Station/Giresun
12.00-13.00 - Lunch
13.00-14.00 -The effects of the chemical fertilizers over the soil. Case study regarding the rational use of fertilizers in Republic of Moldova – Practices of rational use of manure, Prof. Dr. Igor POVAR, Republic of MOLDOVA
14.00-14.15 - Coffee break
14.15-15.15 - Fertilization in Turkey and Black Sea Region, The Encountered Problems and Solution Methods , Assistant Professor Aslıhan ESRİNGÜ Atatürk University Department of Vegetable and Animal Production
15.15-15.30 - Coffee break
15.30-16.30 - Informing about Giresun Hazelnut Research Station Studies, Gökhan KIZILCI, Station Manager
17.00-19.00 - Travel of Giresun-Trabzon
During the morning of the third day of training, the participants travelled to Giresun.
There Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar presented the “Effects of fertilizers on soil”. He begun by saying that water, air and soil are the most vulnerable from the environment resources and the subject of the pollutant factors having direct and serious consequences not only on the quality of the environment but also on human health and animals. The most frequent pollutant factors for the environment come from industry and recently also from agriculture, so it can be said that intensive agriculture can cause the soil and water pollution through an excesive and unappropiate use of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water on the crop lands.
 
Prof. Dr. Hab Povar raised the problem regarding the link between fertilizers and the pollution with nutrients highlightning that nutrients are chemical elements needed by plants and animals to increase and survive but their excessive presence in water, soils and subsurface cause pollution. Also the application of fertilizers on the agricultural fields is made to complete the nutrient reserves from soil and ensuring the necessary supplement of crops, but the incorrect or excessive application can lead to environment pollution.
Prof. Dr. Hab Igor POVAR continued his presentation talking about the case study that was made in Republic of Moldova regarding the practices of rational use of livestock manure and during this experiment were built communal and individual platforms for accumulation and production (composting) of manure.
In the years 2005-2008 the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry "Nicolae Dimo" conducted research to determine the quality of livestock manure accumulated on communal platforms Negrea, Lăpuşna and Cărpineni, district of Hincesti. The quality of manure produced in individual platforms in Anini village of the same district was also monitored.
The obtained experimental data show that manure obtained on communal and individual platforms is of good quality. According to the Regulations elaborated for Moldova each ton of manure applied to soil assures the formation of 100 kg of humus and is recovered with a crop increase of 100 kg of grain units. Organic fertilizers are applied primarily into protected soil, to grow vegetables, potatoes, during the foundation of perennial plantations. In field cropping manure is used for as crops with a long growing season, primarily in sugar beet in the North and for the corn for beans in the South of Moldova. Livestock manure is effective on all soils and to all crop plants.
Prof. Dr. Hab Igor POVAR ended his presentation inviting all the participants to take a coffee break and then gave the word to Assistant Professor Aslıhan ESRİNGÜ who realized the presentation of ‘Fertilization in Turkey and Black Sea Region, The Encountered Problems and Solution Methods’. Also, Gökhan KIZILCI who is Station Manager of Giresun Hazelnut Research Station gave the information about production informing about institution and showed their reference gardens to farmers.
The trainind day ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The Fourth Day: 8th October2013
09.30-10.00 - Check in
10.00-11.15 - Alternative Methods of Organic Fertilization, Prof. Dr. Sezai ERCİŞLİ Atatürk University Agricultural Faculty
11.15-11.30 - Coffee break
11.30-12.30 - Closing Speech
12.30-13.30 - Lunch organization
13.30-14.30 - Evaluation of training
During the last of training from Turkey, Prof. Dr. Sezai ERCİŞLİ held a presentation about ‘Alternative Methods of Organic Fertilization’. Thus, he spoke about organic matter and organic fertilizers such as: farmyard manure, green manure, urban wastes, compost, guano, peat and biofertilizers (microbial fertilizer). Prof. Dr. presented their characteristics, their positive effects for the soil and environment and the optimal dosage that should be applied on the soil.
  
Prof. Dr. Sezai ERCİŞLİ ended his presentation by thanking all the participants for their presence and prepared for the farmers a list with advises from the training. He invited the farmers to complete the post training questionnaires. Aslo, the certificates for participation were handed to all the farmers who attended this training.
During the period 18-21 October 2013, in Ialoveni district Center took place THE SECOND TRAINING IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA with the participation of two Moldovian trainers and one trainer from Armenia.
The First Day: 18th October 2013
09:30 - 10:00 – Registration of the participants
10:00 -10:30 – Completing the pre trening questionnaires
10:30 –10:40 – Prof. Dr.hab. Igor Povar – Intitute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
10:40 -11:00 – Prof. Dr.hab. Teodor Lupașcu – Intitute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
11:00 -11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 -11:50 – Dr. Vladimir Filipciuc, Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection”Nicolae Dimo”
11:50 -13:00 – Special guests
13:00 -13:30 – Questions and answers
After the registration of the participants, Mr. Igor Povar, project coordinator from Republic of Moldova of Agriculture welcomed all the guests and invited the present farmers to complete the pre training questionnaires.
 
Mr. Prof. Dr. Tudor Lupaşcu began the training session with a presentation about the importance of water for the living organisms. He also told the farmers about the problems and the diseases that can appear as a result of the consumption of polluted water and the technologies that were elaborated at the Chemistry Institute in order to solve the protection problems of surfaces water and natural waters. As a specialist in the field of water protection, water ecology, ecological chemistry of waters, Dr. Lupascu presented to the farmers a set of proposals that could solve the problem of environment and organic agriculture and that permit the obtainance of a qualitative and rich harvests.
Prof. Dr.hab. Teodor Lupașcu finished his presentation inviting all the participants to take a coffee break and then invited Mr. Dr. Vladimir Filipciuc to take the word.
Dr. Filipciuc from Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection”Nicolae Dimo” spoke about the quality of irrigation waters and its consequences over the soil. The scientist sustains that currently there are used several water sources, including the local ones that don’t correspond to the quality index (lakes, ponds, basins and local rivers) in comparison with the sources of transboundary rivers Nistru and Prut which comply with all the requirements. At the application of these waters produced the degradation of soils through secondary salinization or alkalization.
Dr. Filipciuc presented some proposals and recomandations for preventing or combating soil degradation from irrigation. The specialist ensured the farmers that these are experimental results obtained in administration conditions when at the application of the amendaments the results are better.
The training session was continued with a presentation made by Prof. Dr. Gurgen Aleksanyan from Yerevan State University who spoke about the fertilizers used in each region of Republic of Armenia. Thus, he presented the climatic conditions, the types of crops and the organic and mineral fertilizers used in the agriculture of Aragatsotn Region, Ararat Region, Armavir Region, Gegharquniq Region, Lori Region, Kotayk Region, Syunik Region,Vayots Dzor Region and Tavush Region.
The first day of training ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The second day: 19th October 2013
09:30 -10:00 - Registration of the participants
10:00 -11:00 - Presentations
11:00 -11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 -12:30 - Special guests
12:30 -13:00 - Presentations
13:00-13:30 – Questions and answers
The second day of training was opened by Conf. researcher Tamara Leah from Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection”Nicolae Dimo” who spoke to the participants about the quality of the environment – air, water and soil and also about the pollution of the environment with nutrients from agriculture. The scientist offered the farmers some recomandations and practical advices. Due to the fact that the Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection”Nicolae Dimo” collaborates with Ialoveni district for a long time, the researchers made a paper that has included the whole range of questions needed to be answered for the farmers. Thus arose the practice of communication with farmers at agricultural seminars and this is because it is time to be aware that having a healthy land, a clean water and a healthy family is very important.
Conf. researcher Tamara Leah finished her speech thanking the participants and inviting them to take a coffee break.
Following-up, Prof. Dr. Karen Ghazaryan from Yerevan State University held a presentation about the consequences of applying the fertilizers on soil. He mentioned that fertilizers increase soil fertility; improve its nutritional, mineral, water, thermal and aerial regimes, physic-chemical and biological characteristics. At the same time it should be noted that the illiterate utilization, the violation of regulations of fertilizers, particularly mineral fertilizers, lead to some negative consequences, including environmental issues.
Numerous researches have shown that in the case of illiterate utilization of chemical fertilizers and chemicals, and violation of the rules, a number of negative consequences are arising. Land users must use the mineral fertilizers reasonably so as the agricultural production is ecologically clean and harmless for human health. It is necessary to provide the plants with required quantity of macro and micro elements, but the quotas of utilized fertilizers should not be unreasonable increased, as a result of that the interferences may occur in some physiological processes and number of toxic substances can be accumulated in the generative organs of plants.
  
Prof. Dr. Ghazaryan finished his presentation and invited Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu to take the word.
Mr. Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu begun the presentation about „Types of fertilizers used in Moldova” by saying that the crop plants extract annually considerable amounts of nutrients from soil for high yield formation and simultaneously, under the action of microflora, organic matter is mineralized in soil. As a result takes place the humic degradation of soil and nutrient depletion, disruption of mineral balance, small low-quality harvests. An effective measure to form a good balance of organic matter and nutrients in the soil is the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. He also specified that in the Republic of Moldova the use of fertilizers at optimum doses leads to an increase in yield of 30-45%.
Therefore, Prof. Dr. Lupaşcu continued his speech talking about the effects and the optimal dosage of the mineral fertilizers such as fertilizers containing nitrogen (fertilizers with nitric nitrogen, ammonium fertilizers, fertilizers with nitric and ammoniacal nitrogen, fertilizer with amide nitrogen), fertilizers containing phosphorus, fertilizers containing potassium and complex fertilizers with more elements of nutrition (Monoammonium phosphate, Nitrophosphate, Ammophoska, Complex fertilizers, liquid (foliar).
The second day of the training ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The third day: 20th October 2013
09:30 -10:00 - Registration of the participants
10:00 -11:00 - Presentations
11:00 -11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 -12:30 - Special guests
12:30 -13:00 - Presentations
13:00-13:30 – Questions and answers
The third day of training started with the presentation of acad. Serafim Andrieş from Institute of Pedology, Agrochemistry and Soil Protection ”Nicolae Dimo” who spoke about the friendly agricultural practices that can be applied in the next 3-4 weeks. Today, the farmers already finish harvesting the late crops and simultaneously prepare the base of the crops for 2014. For the base that has to be prepared for the 2014 crops, the trainer comes with some recomandations elaborated by the researchers from the institute.
The first recommendation aims to stop the soil erosion that affects the agricultural fields from the Republic very much, especially those from the central zone, Ialoveni district included, that are characterized by an accidental area. Regarding this aspect the academician recomnands the maintenance of soil. This method is very good to combat soil erosion because if the erosion is stopped the humidity from the soil is maintained and thus the desired crops can be obtained. Another proposed method of stopping the erosion was field crop cultivation in alternating strips. “With small or large crops we extract the same nutrients. The soil is not a bag without a bottom. We could expoet one, two, three years, but we already have agricultural production or 20 and we only compensate these loses in a rate of 5-10%.” said the academician.
Mr. Academician Serafim Andrieş finished his presentation and invited all the participants to take a coffee break.
After the coffee break the training session continued with Mr. Prof. Dr. Gurgen Aleksanyan who spoke about the ecological aspects of some alternative modalities of replacing chemical fertilizers.
He told the farmers that the organic agriculture is a united production system of agricultural products which has no negative effects on ecosystems, soil fertility and biodiversity. From the environmental, social and economic point of view it is aimed at improving and promoting agricultural production. In the organic agriculture the use of plant chemical protection means, stable pesticides and synthetic fertilizers is forbidden.
Prof. Dr. Hab. Igor Povar continued the training session with a presentation of the “Effects of fertilizers on soil”. He begun by saying that water, air and soil are the most vulnerable from the environment resources and the subject of the pollutant factors having direct and serious consequences not only on the quality of the environment but also on human health and animals. The most frequent pollutant factors for the environment come from industry and recently also from agriculture, so it can be said that intensive agriculture can cause the soil and water pollution through an excesive and unappropiate use of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water on the crop lands.
Prof. Dr. Hab Povar raised the problem regarding the link between fertilizers and the pollution with nutrients highlightning that nutrients are chemical elements needed by plants and animals to increase and survive but their excessive presence in water, soils and subsurface cause pollution. Also the application of fertilizers on the agricultural fields is made to complete the nutrient reserves from soil and ensuring the necessary supplement of crops, but the incorrect or excessive application can lead to environment pollution.
The third day of training ended with a short session of questions and answers.
The fourth day: 21st October 2013
09:30 -10:00 – Registration of the participants
10:00 -11:00 - Presentations
11:00 -11:30 – Coffee break
11:30 -12:30 – Special guests
12:30 -13:30 – Conclusions and completing the pre trening questionnaires
During the last day of training from Republic of Moldova, Mr. Prof. Dr. Hab Igor Povar held a presentation about a case study that was made in Republic of Moldova regarding the practices of rational use of livestock manure and during this experiment were built communal and individual platforms for accumulation and production (composting) of manure.
In the years 2005-2008 the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry "Nicolae Dimo" conducted a research to determine the quality of livestock manure accumulated on communal platforms Negrea, Lăpuşna and Cărpineni, district of Hincesti. The quality of manure produced in individual platforms in Anini village of the same district was also monitored.
The obtained experimental data show that manure obtained on communal and individual platforms is of good quality. According to the Regulations elaborated for Moldova each tone of manure applied to soil assures the formation of 100 kg of humus and is recovered with a crop increase of 100 kg of grain units. Organic fertilizers are applied primarily into protected soil, to grow vegetables, potatoes, during the foundation of perennial plantations. In field cropping manure is used for as crops with a long growing season, primarily in sugar beet in the North and for the corn for beans in the South of Moldova. Livestock manure is effective on all soils and to all crop plants.
  
Mr. Prof. Dr. Hab Igor Povar finished his presentation and gave the word to Mr. Prof. Dr. Karen Ghazaryan who spoke about a bio-fertilizer that was prepared in Republic of Armenia called “Azotseovit-1”.
The technology for this bio-fertilizer has been implemented out in households of Vardanashen community, Armavir region, (Aram Mnatsaknyan) and Ararat community, in Ararat region (Hrahat Stepanyan). The biofertilizer has been applied to pepper-local variety “Vardasheni-tekhakan”, eggplant “Karine”, and tomato “R-1” and “68/1” varieties.
The yield indicators of the fields, controlled show that the variety of eggplant “Karine” and pepper variety “Vardasheni texakan” have high productivity, which is 450.5 and 270.5 C / ha in case of the controlled treatment; 780.2, and 425.3 in the traditional treatment and yield of 1100.4 and 780.5 c/ha in case of treatment with “Azotseovit 1"
The fruits of the varieties are more transportable and resistant against diseases and pests. The technology can be applied to all areas, where vegetable growing is possible.
In the end of the training day, Prof. Dr. Hab Igor Povar thanked everyone for coming and invited the farmers to complete the post training questionnaires and then handed the training certificates.
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